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Pharyngeal Anatomy

The pharynx extends from the skull base to the cricoid cartilage and is divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.This article will explore the pharynx and highlight the anatomy, function, and clinical considerations.

Middle Ear Anatomy for Medical School

The middle ear, located within the temporal bone, plays a vital role in transmitting sound from the outer to the inner ear. It houses the ossicular chain, stapedius, and tensor tympani.

Vocal Cord Injections

Vocal cord injections involve the introduction of injectable substances into the vocal cords to address issues such as vocal cord paralysis, paresis, presbyphonia or to improve vocal quality. These injections can provide temporary relief and enhance vocal function.

ML - Tracheoplasty

Tracheoplasty is a surgical procedure aimed at addressing structural abnormalities or stenosis in the trachea (windpipe). It involves reconstruction or repair of the tracheal wall to improve airflow and alleviate breathing difficulties.

Supraglottoplasty

Supraglottoplasty is a surgical procedure designed to address airway issues, specifically focusing on abnormalities in the supraglottic region, including the epiglottis and surrounding structures. This procedure is commonly performed in paediatric patients to treat conditions such as laryngomalacia.

Oesophagoscopy

Oesophagoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure involving the use of an endoscope to visualise and address conditions within the oesophagus. It is commonly employed for the evaluation and treatment of various oesophageal disorders.

Microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (MLB)

Microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (MLB) is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that involves the use of a scope to diagnose and treat the larynx and bronchi. It is commonly employed to assess and address various conditions affecting the airways, vocal cords, and surrounding structures.

Myringotomy and Grommet Insertion

Myringotomy with grommet insertion is performed to treat middle ear conditions such as chronic otitis media or persistent fluid accumulation. It involves creating a small incision in the eardrum and inserting a ventilation tube to facilitate drainage and prevent fluid buildup.

Stapedectomy

Stapedectomy is a surgical procedure designed to address conductive hearing loss caused by otosclerosis. The procedure involves removing the fixed stapes bone in the middle ear and replacing it with a prosthesis to restore sound transmission and improve hearing.

Tympanoplasty

Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure aimed at repairing a perforated eardrum (tympanic membrane) or addressing middle ear conditions. The surgery involves grafting tissue onto the perforation to restore the integrity of the eardrum.